Background: Parent-child communication is a foundational element in building a healthy and supportive family dynamic. It involves the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and information between parents and their children, playing a crucial role in the emotional, social, and cognitive development of the child. From early childhood through adolescence, the nature and methods of communication evolve, requiring parents to adapt their approaches to meet the changing needs of their children. Whether through words, body language, or actions, how parents communicate with their children significantly impacts their self-esteem, emotional regulation, and relationships with others. Aim and Objectives: To determine the level of communication between parent and their adult children and to assess how the level of communication between parents and their children affects a child’s mental health. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2023 among 230 randomly selected students aged 18 to 25 from various colleges in the Indore district who gave consent, using a pre-designed, semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Data entered in Microsoft Excel was analysed using SPSS software 25.0 (trial version). Results: Mean Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS) score of medicos was 65.86±5.94 and non-medicos was 67.56±6.38, which was statistically significant. The mean Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) score among medicos was 20.99±5.21 and that of non-medicos was 20.66±5.11. Spearman’s correlation between PACS and PSS was statistically significant among young adults. Mean PACS score of males was 67.46±5.98 and that of females was 66.03±6.35. Mean PSS score among males was 19.25±5.46 and that of females was 22.25±4.42, which was statistically significant. Mean PACS score of severe PSS category participants was 64.45±5.51, moderate PSS category participants was 66.36±6.08, and that of mild PSS category participants was 73.17±3.85, which was statistically significant (p <0.05). Conclusion: The correlation between PACS and PSS scores was found to be statistically significant (p-value<0.001) among young adults suggesting that, both parent-child communication and perceived stress are associated. So, better communication will help to reduce the stress in the personal lives of young adults. Keywords: Parent-Child Communication, Mental Health, PACS, PSS.

Background: Penile fracture is the traumatic rupture of tunica albuginea. It is a urological emergency that occurs almost exclusively due to blunt trauma of erect penis. Diagnosis is mostly based on clinical history and physical examination. Aim: To study the presentation and management of patients with penile fracture. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in Government Medical College Srinagar in the department of surgery over a period of 3 years. Total of 65 patients with fracture penis were included in the study. Clinico-etiological profile, management and outcome were recorded on a preformed proforma designed for the purpose. Results: The age group involved was 17-55 years with mean age of 36 yrs. 37 (56.9%) were married and 28 (43.1%) were unmarried. The most frequent mechanisms of injury was sexual intercourse observed in 40 patient, masturbation in 17 patients and in 7 patients fracture occurred because of trauma to erect penis (rolling over erect penis). In one patient the exact cause could not be elucidated. 17 patients recalled a popping sound. Penile swelling was seen in 56 patients with pain in 53, deformity in 55 and ecchymosis in 50 patients. Diagnosis was made clinically and was confirmed on surgical exploration. Repair of tunica defect was done. One urethral injury was encountered which was primarily repaired. Outcome was excellent and all patients regained complete penile function except 6 patients, at 2 months follow up. Out of 65 cases treated surgically, 4 patients had wound infection, and 12 had palpable nodule at the site of fracture and 1 patient had depression. Conclusion: Penile fracture is a clinical diagnosis requiring early exploration and surgical repair to ensure better functional and morphological outcomes. Keywords: Penile fracture, Management, Outcomes, Erectile dysfunction, rupture of corpora cavernosa.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, leading to complications affecting various organs, particularly the kidneys. This study aims to assess the correlation between glycemic control, as indicated by HbA1c levels, and renal function, measured through blood urea and serum creatinine levels, in diabetic patients with controlled diabetes compared to healthy controls. Materials and Methods: A comparative case-control study was conducted involving 300 patients with well-controlled diabetes and 100 healthy age-matched controls. Key biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), HbA1c, blood urea, and serum creatinine, were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test to compare the two groups. Results: Among the diabetic cases, 84 (28%) had elevated urea levels, 90 (30%) showed increased creatinine, and 126 (42%) had elevated levels of both. Males exhibited higher creatinine values than females, likely due to greater muscle mass. A significantly higher levels of FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, blood urea, and serum creatinine was observed in diabetic patients as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Elevated blood urea and serum creatinine levels in diabetic patients are indicative of renal impairment. There is a significant correlation between poor glycemic control and kidney function deterioration. Regular monitoring of these parameters is crucial for the early detection and management of diabetic nephropathy, emphasizing the importance of glycemic control in preserving renal health. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, blood urea, serum creatinine, HbA1c, renal impairment, diabetic nephropathy.

Background: Blood transfusion is vital in trauma, surgery, and chronic care, but it poses a risk of transmitting infections like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, syphilis, and malaria. These infections often originate from asymptomatic donors and can spread through contaminated blood or improper handling during transfusion. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at the Model Blood Centre of SVRRGGH in Tirupati, aimed to ensure safe blood transfusion by rigorously screening all donations for transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) following national protocols. Results: The five-year study at the Model Blood Bank, Tirupati, recorded 35,080 blood donations, with a significant gender disparity, as 97% of donors were male. The overall prevalence of infectious markers was 1.68%, with Hepatitis B (1.4%) being the most common infection, followed by HIV (0.14%), HCV (0.04%), syphilis (0.011%), and malaria (0.06%). Conclusion: The study emphasize the importance of rigorous screening protocols to ensure the safety of blood donations, especially considering the higher rate of infection in voluntary donors. Keywords: Blood donation; HIV, HbsAg, HCV, transfusion transmitted infections.

Background: Rectus sheath block (RSB) is an anterior abdominal wall block that reduces postoperative pain associated with midline incisions. objectives were to compare the post- operative pain scores, intravenous opioid analgesic requirements and length of postoperative stay of the two groups of women. Material and Methods: Present Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial was conducted at Department of Anaesthesiology, G.M.E.R.S Medical College and Hospital Sola, Ahmedabad. Sixty patients were scheduled for elective laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. At the end of the surgery, the patients were divided into two groups. RSB group (GROUP A): Patients received USG guided Bilateral Rectus Sheath Block with 20 ml of 0.25% Ropivacaine on each side (n=30). Control Group (GROUP B): Patients who did not receive the RSB block and were given Injection Tramadol on demand for post-operative analgesia as per institutional protocol(n=30). Analgesic efficacy of RSB block in laparoscopic gynecologic surgery was assessed by time to first requirement of rescue analgesic drug (Tramadol), VAS scores, and total dose requirement of Tramadol in 24 hrs. Results: RSB block increases the duration of time to first rescue analgesic drug with significant difference between RSB group and the CONTROL group. There is a significant decrease in the VAS score in the postoperative period in the RSB group as compared to the control group. It also reduces the total Analgesic requirement in the first 24 hours with significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: USG guided Bilateral Rectus Sheath block when compared with a standard general anaesthetic is associated with a significant decrease of systemic analgesics demand and is a good choice for postoperative pain management in surgery involving the anterior abdominal wall like laparoscopic gyneclogical surgery as a part of multimodal analgesia. Key Words: Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery, Rectus sheath block, Ropivacaine, Tramadol.

Background: Age related hearing loss is a major public health issue, Multiple variables have been evaluated that contribute to hearing loss with aging. Aim: To study Age related Hearing loss among patients above 60 years of age with comorbidities. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study of 100 elderly patients with and without various co-morbidities were investigated by pure tone audiometry to assess the hearing loss and the pure tone thresholds were compared among the various subgroups and the following results were obtained. Results: Majority of the elderly study subjects belonged to 71-80 years (41%) followed by 34% in 61– 70-year age group. Majority of the study subjects were male (64%). The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The most common comorbidity present was Diabetes mellitus (28%), followed by hypertension (24%) and dyslipidaemia (18%). Smoking constituted 14% and alcohol habit was present in 16% study subjects Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in all the patients under the study. The degree of hearing loss increased as age progresses in both the normal and patients with comorbidities. The hearing loss maintained a linear progression amongst all studied groups. Conclusion: There is a definitive increase in hearing thresholds in patients of Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Dyslipidaemia, Smoking when compared to the normal whereas amongst alcohol consumers the hearing threshold was better when compared to the normal patient. Keywords: Hearing loss (HL), Dyslipidaemia, Smoking, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension.

Background: Neurological complications are common in paediatric HIV patients, with neuro-imaging playing a crucial role in early detection and management. This study aims to evaluate the spectrum of MRI neuro-imaging findings in HIV-positive children and correlate these findings with their CD4 counts. Materials and Methods: A Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, of an urban tertiary care teaching hospital. The study included thirty consecutively enrolled HIV infected children up to 15 years of age having neurological manifestations, attending paediatric OPD as well as those admitted to the paediatric ward at this tertiary care hospital from Dec 2021 till Nov 2023. Results: None of the children were less than 01 year of age in our study. In 21 (70 %) cases, there were T2 and FLAIR hyperintense white matter lesions noted suggestive of HIV encephalopathy. Out of these 21 cases, 11 (52.3 %) patients had white matter lesions in periventricular location, 6 (28.5 %) in deep white matter and 4 (19 %) in both periventricular and deep white matter. 15 (71.4%) out of these patients diagnosed as HIV encephalopathy had associated cerebral atrophy. Out of total 30 cases studied, only two patients (6.6 %) had focal intra-cranial lesions and only one (3.3 %) patient had chronic ischemic infarct in left MCA territory with ectasia of M1 segment of right middle cerebral artery. Both the patients with focal intra-cranial lesions were diagnosed as tuberculomas based on imaging findings, CSF studies and serological markers. Patients with HIV encephalopathy presented with varied neurological manifestations & were more commonly associated with severe degree of immune suppression as indicated by low CD4 counts. This association was found to be statistically significant (as indicated by p value of <0.05 in Fisher exact test). Conclusion: This study highlights the range of neurological abnormalities in HIV-positive children and emphasizes the association between lower CD4 counts and more pronounced MRI findings. Early detection of these abnormalities in children with declining CD4 levels could aid in timely clinical interventions and improve the management of neurological complications in paediatric HIV. Keywords: HIV-positive children, Neuro-imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), CD4 counts.

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is a significant pathogen in intensive care units (ICUs), causing severe infections that are difficult to treat due to resistance to carbapenems. Understanding the risk factors associated with CRKP infections is essential to prevent their spread and improve outcomes. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted with 100 ICU patients diagnosed with Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Data on antibiotic use, duration of ICU stay, use of mechanical ventilation, and other clinical variables were analyzed. Statistical tests, including chi-square and logistic regression, were applied to assess risk factors for CRKP infections. Results: Of the 100 patients, 45 had CRKP infections. Significant risk factors included prior carbapenem use, prolonged ICU stay, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter use. Mortality was significantly higher among CRKP-infected patients (35%) compared to non-CRKP patients (10%). Conclusion: CRKP infections in ICU patients are strongly linked to prior antibiotic use, invasive procedures, and prolonged hospitalization. Effective infection control and antibiotic stewardship are critical to reducing CRKP infections in ICUs. Keywords: Risk Factors, Carbapenem-Resistant, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Infectious disease, Intensive Care.

Background: Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance are seen in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) which are also known risk factors for dry eyes. Dry eye is a potential comorbidity present in patients with PCOS. Aim: To find correlation between dry eye disease (DED) and PCOS. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. They were then subjected to a complete ophthalmic evaluation which included tear film break-up time, Schirmer’s test and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire scoring. Results: Correlation between DED and PCOS was found to be statistically significant in both TBUT and OSDI score while Schirmer’s test was found to be statistically insignificant. Conclusion: PCOS has a positive correlation with DED and hence regular eye check-ups are advisable for patients with PCOS. Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, dry eye disease, TBUT, OSDI, Schirmer’s test.

Background: During the first thousand days of life (from conception to the second year), the brain, goes through 90% of its important development. This period is pivotal for cognitive, immune, digestive, and metabolic development, with long-term implications for health and productivity. Many parents are ignorant of the fact that in order to promote good synaptogenesis and overall brain development, their children need certain foods and stimulation. The IAP-Early Childhood Development (ECD) module aims to address this gap through structured parental interventions. To evaluate the impact of the IAP-ECD module on the growth and developmental outcomes of infants aged 0-2 years in Sangareddy district. Materials and Methods: One hundred term healthy babies (≤1 week old) were participated in this prospective experimental study; fifty were born intramurally at MNR Medical College (intervention group), and fifty were born extramurally (control group). The intervention group received neuronal stimulation education through the IAP-ECD module, with eight scheduled well-child visits for growth and development monitoring. The control group attended standard health check-ups. Growth metrics (weight, height, head circumference) and developmental quotients were assessed using the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II) and Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII). Results: The intervention group exhibited significantly higher mean weight, height, and head circumference (p<0.05). Developmental quotients in gross motor, fine motor, language, and social communication domains were also significantly higher in the intervention group at 6, 12, and 18 months (p<0.05). Exclusive breastfeeding rates increased within the intervention group, with a notable reduction in formula feeding and sickness episodes compared to controls. Conclusion: The IAP-ECD module improves the development and growth of newborns through specific dietary and neuronal stimulation. These findings advocate for integrating structured parent education and early developmental interventions in order to help children thrive in the first thousand days of life. Keywords: Early Childhood Development, Brain Development, Infant Growth, Developmental Quotient, Parent Education, Synaptogenesis.

Background: India contributes to a significant number of neonatal mortality in the world, around 25% of the world total. In India neonatal mortality rate contributes significantly to Infant mortality rate and therefore under five mortality rate. Region and cause specific interventions should be planned after detailed analysis of outcome trends in newborn and feedback from healthcare workers to reduce neonatal mortality. This study aimed to find out the outcome and mortality pattern and its causes in Level II special care neonatal Unit in a medical college to plan targeted interventions further. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study done on 1950 newborns who were admitted in special newborn care unit over one-year period of time (30/09/2023 to 30/09/2024) in department of Paediatrics of Rani Durgawati medical college (UP). Results: 1950 neonates (Male: Female,1:1.15) were admitted over 1-year period in which 350 Inborn and 1600 outborns were admitted,750(38%) of newborns were premature (delivery before term and low birth weight). The trends in mortality showed a decline over year (The decline was more in outborn than inborn neonates), Among them respiratory distress syndrome and Prematurity being a big contributor to mortality. Rate of successful discharges showed an inclined trend. However, the trends in etiology of death was uniform over the year with respiratory distress syndrome (45%), Perinatal Asphyxia/HIE (25%), prematurity (20%), Sepsis (5%) and congenital malformations (5%) being the chief contributor Extremely preterm newborn had highest case fatality rate around 70%. Conclusion: Our study shows the trends are encouraging but only for term newborns but they also may be insufficient to meet the target of SDG 3.2. For extremely preterm/very low birth weight and newborns having hyaline membrane disease, the trends are not encouraging and these High-risk newborns need to receive better management with advance targeted interventions. Keywords: neonatal mortality, SNCU, preterm, SDG, perinatal asphyxia.

The study aimed to determine the positivity and common clinical features of the influenza virus among hospitalized pediatric patients. The investigation was conducted from December 2022 to November 2023, during which 310 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from pediatric patients admitted with acute respiratory symptoms (categorized as Category C according to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, MOHFW guidelines). These samples were processed following standard protocols. Viral RNA was extracted, and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (r RT-PCR) was performed to detect the presence of the influenza virus. Subsequent r RT-PCR assays were conducted for subtyping influenza virus types A and B. The clinical histories of the patients were also documented. Out of the 310 samples, 23 (7.42%) tested positive for influenza virus A or B. Further subtyping revealed that 03/310 (0.97%) were positive for A H1N1, 17/310 (5.48%) were positive for A H3N2, and 03/310 (0.97%) were positive for B Victoria. Among the positive influenza cases, fever was the most prominent clinical feature observed in all patients. Other common clinical symptoms included cough, breathlessness, and sore throat. The findings underscored the importance of early detection, prompt treatment, and effective management of complications to reduce the burden of influenza epidemics. At the public health level, the study highlighted the need for continuous surveillance to monitor any resurgence of the infection that could potentially lead to further epidemics or pandemics. The unpredictable nature of influenza virus evolution continues to pose challenges to vaccine strategies and pandemic preparedness, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research and vigilance in addressing this significant health threat. Keywords: RT PCR, Influenza, H1N1, H3N2, Nasopharyngeal swab, respiratory illness.