Vol 12, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2022

Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) are alternatives to traditional small molecule-based drug discovery techniques that focus on direct regulation of protein activity. Targeted protein degradation in cells by heterobifunctional small molecules has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for modulating a protein of interest (POI). PROTACs connect three chemical elements: POI ligand to an E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3) recruiting ligand with an optimal linker for conjugating these two ligands.1 PROTACs cause degradation via the ubiquitinproteasome system (UPS) through proximityinduced ubiquitination of the POI. PROTACs induce target protein degradation at low exposures due to their catalytic mode of action thus making them an attractive platform for cancer therapy and other diseases.

Objectives: This study aims to assess the interaction between Breastfeeding and ALL incidence and different ALL variables in children. Methods: Our case-control study was conducted in the major paediatric cancer centre in Syria. Information was obtained from the hospital’s records of patients who did not have a hereditary or chromosomal syndrome and aged 4 years and less. The cases had ALL and controls were hospital inpatients. Children were divided into 3 groups depending on their feeding habits before the age of 6 months. Results: Sixty (85.7%) cases and 59 (72%) controls were exclusively breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding was found more frequently in the case group P=0.04 (OR, 2.339; CI, 1.025 -5.336). In case group, parents of a low educational level breastfed their children more frequently (P<0.05). Number of siblings was not associated with ALL or any of its variables. Furthermore, infancy feeding pattern correlation with gender, being born with no complications, consanguinity, CD10, FAB classification, ALL-subtype, risk, and family history were insignificant. Conclusion: There are certain practices among the Syrian people, especially among parents of a low educational level that has possibly exposed to carcinogenic substances which were possibly transferred through BF. However, BF had minor effects on the prognosis and subtype of ALL, and number of siblings had no effect on ALL. Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Breastfeeding, Developing countries, Diet, Hookah, Low-income population, Mate, Number of siblings, Parental exposure.

firewood by pygmies practicing the smoked meat trade. Materials and Methods: A total of 56 rural pygmies aged 36.92 ± 4.69 years old were divided into two groups, whose 29 exposed pygmies (practicing meat smoking) and 27 less exposed pygmies (not practicing this trade). Levels of PM2.5 pollutants and respiratory parameters were measured. A questionnaire including demographic data and another to identify symptoms of respiratory diseases were used. Epi info 7 software was used to perform the analyses. Results: This study indicates high concentrations of pollutants in the environment where this occupation is practiced. All spirometric parameters decreased in the exposed pygmies. The symptomatology was chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing and dyspnea that were higher in the exposed pygmy group. There was a strong association between the age of the subjects, the duration of exposure and the level of pollutants with certain symptoms. Conclusion: These results suggest that pygmies involved in smoking game meat inhale significant quantities of toxic particles. This pollution has health and environmental implications. Screening programmer are needed for this population. Keywords: Pollution, Wooden smoke, Respiratory parameters, Pygmies, Congo.

Objectives: The study makes a bibliometric evaluation of global publications on “Application of Stem Cell Therapy to Covid-19” during 2020-22. Methods: The published publications on this theme were searched, retrieved, and downloaded from the Elsevier’s Scopus international database and analyzed using bibliometric techniques based on select bibliometric indicators. The VOSviewer software and Biblioshiny application were used to construct and visualize bibliometric networks. Results: In all 1413 publications were indexed on “Application of Stem Cell Therapy to Covid-19” in the Scopus database till 30 December 2021. These publications registered an average of 18.03 citations per paper. Of these, the funded publications were 452(31.99%). In all, 91 countries, 690 organizations, and 1068 authors participated in global research and published in 317 journals. Among participating countries, China, the U.K., Italy, and India lead in publications output (with 185, 148, 127, and 110 papers) and China (58.38 and 3.24), France (47.0 and 2.61), Netherlands (46.63 and 2.59) and the U.K. (41.84 and 2.32) leads in citation impact. Among participating organizations, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran (37 papers), Harvard Medical School, USA (36 papers), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA (29 papers) and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran (26 papers) leads in publications productivity (with 37, 36, 29 and 26 papers) and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA (110.78 and 6.14), Massachusetts General Hospital, USA (81.35 and 4.51), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA (78.95 and 4.38) and Harvard Medical School, USA (75.42 and 4.18) leads in citation impact. Among participating authors, K.K.Sahu (9 papers), J. Cerny (7 papers), M.A. Perales and M.Z. Ratajzak (7 papers each) leads in publication productivity and M. Mohty (37.0 and 2.05), P.R.M. Rocco (35.8 and 1.99), D.J. Weiss (33.5 and 1.86) and M.A. Perales (32.86 and 1.82) leads in citation impact. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports (35 papers), Frontiers in Immunology (32 papers), Bone Marrow Transplantation (30 papers) leads in publication productivity and Journal of Medical Virology (132.10), American Journal of Hematology (75.20), Aging and Disease (55.46) and Cell Stem Cell (33.14) leads in citation impact. Conclusion: The research is mainly dominated by North America and Western Europe, but with some contribution from China, India, Iran, and Brazil playing also an important role. The developing countries need to prioritize their research in this area and increase their collaboration with North America and Western Europe countries. The analysis will help scholars and policy-makers to take stock of the present situation and decide the future course of action on the “Application of Stem Cells in Covid-19”. Keywords: Covid-19, Coronovirus 19. Cell Therapy, Stem Cell Applications, Global Publications, Bibliometrics, Scientometrics.

Introduction: Health care associated infections including COVID-19 are drawing attention from patients, insurers and Governments worldwide because of the magnitude of the problem i.e. morbidity, mortality and treatment, although these are preventable. Literature review shows there is very little published information on hand washing practices of health care workers in Kenya. This study provides important inputs for planning, policy making and informs future research areas and methods. Methods: A cross sectional study design was conducted in Matayos, Teso South and Teso North sub-counties of Busia County. The study covered 33 consenting health workers in 7 health facilities. An interview guide and observation check list were used to collect data and to ascertain availability of hygiene and sanitation facilities. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data while quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: That there was no policy on hand hygiene in 6 (86%) health facilities; awareness about hand hygiene was high; knowledge on critical moments for hand hygiene was unsatisfactory but nurses scored better. Only 44% respondents knew effectiveness of alcohol-based sanitizer; on disposal of waste, maternity wards ranked highest 6(87.7%) complying. Laxity in enforcing obligatory use of hand hygiene was high only 2(28.6 %.) of facilities complying. Respondents attributed reduction in diarrheal infections and improvements in sanitation during covid-19 pandemic to rigorous hand hygiene practices. Found that hand hygiene compliance by health care workers can reduce infections in health facilities. That lack of piped water, erratic supply of soap, sanitizers and dependency on external partners were perceived to be important barriers for the sustainability of hand washing practices. Conclusion: The hand hygiene initiative has occupied a new and important place in the minds of health workers, policy makers and communities due to its contribution in the prevention and control of one of the most serious diseases of the 21st century. The initiative has presented a compelling case for investment in preventive and promotive health and demonstrated the power of the old adage “prevention is better than cure”. Purposeful partnerships and collaborations are powerful tools to achieve common goals. The study also exposed various systemic weaknesses within the public health sector and the political leadership that needs to be addressed to ensure sustainability of hand hygiene. Keywords: World Health Organization, Prevention, Covid-19, Compliance, Sustainability.

SARS-CoV-2, commonly referred as COVID-19, has emerged as the most severe public health concern of the twenty - first century. Coronavirus usually is not very lethal to the persons who do not have any medical conditions, but it is fatal to people who have had past medical conditions that have often resulted in death. The objectives of this paper is to look at the effects of coronavirus on older diabetes patients, who are thought to be the ones who were affected the most by COVID-19. This research used a qualitative approach and was descriptive in nature. The researcher has purposefully chosen three areas in Dhaka city as the studies fixate: Shahbag, Khilgaon, and Rampura. Data was gathered using qualitative methods such as focus group discussion and key informant interviews. According to the study’s findings, COVID-19 had a serious effect on older adults with diabetes. The number of patients at the hospital had significantly decreased. Despite the fact that hospitals were equipped to provide treatment and care, patients’ mobility was limited. Many people preferred virtual consultation or telemedicine to face-to-face consultation and care. Doctors encouraged individuals to connect digitally, which is both safe and feasible in the face of the global pandemic. The expense of a diabetic patient rose, according to the majority of respondents. According to the findings, the pandemic is spurring new diabetes-care delivery methods. Many structural flaws were exposed as a result of Covid-19, paving the door for additional improvements in healthcare delivery in the study area. Keywords: Diabetes, Covid-19, Health Care Services, Dhaka City.

Introduction: The paper deals with gender dysphoria (gender identity) and helps the reader understand that people are not born in wrong bodies thus linking the understanding with unnatural behaviour. Methods: The second part compares transgenderism with a psychiatric condition: clinical lycanthropy. We see a case of someone believing he was a bird and how he was cured. Results: The author highlights similarities between the two conditions. In both scenarios there could be delusions and the individuals are unhappy with their bodies. The unshakeable belief in drastically changing one’s body is not normal and should receive psychological or psychiatric treatment. Conclusion: A number of bioethical statements are presented. The author reminds healthcare workers to adhere to the medical principle of ‘first do no harm’ when considering gender affirmative treatment and advises that political decisions should not be based on just palliative approaches. It is concluded that gender remains binary. The transgender or third gender is a socio-political construct. Keywords: Clinical lycanthropy, Delusion, Gender affirmative treatment, Gender dysphoria, Gender identity, Transgender, Transgenderism.

Catustaya has been designed by A – ca–rya Caraka and A – ca–rya Susruta respectively, Vya–dhi is the one among them. Homeostasis of the components of life maintains health whereas the imbalance of same leads to disease. Ayurveda analyses Vya–dhi and its Vargikarana to facilitates easy understanding of Vya–dhi as well as shows the path for further treatment aspects. Without the knowledge of Vya–dhi Vargikarana, it is futile to achieve the Savikalpa Jña– na. Objectives: Evaluation of disaster affected diseases with Vya–dhi Vargikarana. Materials and Methods: For the survey study, the affected places of Drought disaster events were visited, observed and surveyed through face to face. To collect the data a modified general case proforma was prepared with the help of disaster management faculty. For each event sample of minimum 100 affected people have been incorporated to enlist the major diseases in order to classify them under Vya–dhi Vargikarana. Results: The following Vya–dhis observed under Drought disaster, population are more vulnerable to GI Diseases, RT Diseases, UT Diseases, Nutritional Deficiency, Skin Diseases, Sun stroke and Leucorrhoea. There is a more chance of getting following Vya–dhi Vargikarana in Drought viz., Nija, A – gantuja, Sa–kha–gata, Ko–sthagata, Marmagata, Pittaja, Dwandvaja, and Sannipa–taja are highly Significant with p = .001. Conclusion: Disaster directly impacts the health of the population. In the present study, major observed Vya–dhi has been enlisted. A – gantuja, Sa–riria–ka – Ma–nasika, Sa–kha–gata, Ko–sthagata and Sannipa–taja are the common Vargikarana. Keywords: Vya–dhi, Vargikarana, Disaster, Drought.