Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2020

Background: Inappropriate use of drugs and certain cosmetics can cause potential harm to the mother as well as the fetus. Good knowledge about drug use can help pregnant women make informed decisions. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude among pregnant women regarding the usage of drugs and cosmetics during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the antenatal clinic of a tertiary care centre from August to November 2018 in 384 randomly selected pregnant women. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0. Results: Around 51.56% of pregnant women believed that drugs may have an effect on them or the fetus and 11.19% believed the same for cosmetics. More than half of them feel that drugs should mainly be avoided in the third trimester. Around 25% of women believed that the irrational use of drugs could cause congenital anomalies in the fetus. About 58.07% of women were of the opinion that pregnancy requires the consumption of many drugs and 34.11% preferred to use alternative medicine during pregnancy. The primary source of information in majority of women was doctors followed by media. Around 32.03% of women had taken drugs outside a doctor’s prescription during their pregnancy. A decrease in cosmetic use was reported by 4.94% women. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding the correct use of drugs and cosmetics during pregnancy is poor. The use of non-prescribed medications is high. Educational programs for women to increase their knowledge of the potential risks to them as well as the fetus are necessary. Key words: Pregnancy, Knowledge, Drugs, Cosmetics, Antenatal care.

Introduction: ASHA, the grass root level worker is a bridge between population and health system. Objectives: To determine the challenges and hurdles faced by ASHA during their field work in rural area of district Jaipur, Rajasthan. Methods and Materials: A field based descriptive, observational study was conducted among 135 ASHA’s of ten PHC’s of two blocks of Jaipur, Rajasthan from September 2018 to April 2019 by using a pretested, semi structured questionnaire for socio-economic profile of ASHA and in-depth interview to find out challenges faced by ASHAs during their field work. Results: Majority of ASHA’s (67%) were in the age group of 25-35 yrs, there were six (4%) young ASHAs who were 25 yrs of age. Majorities ASHA were studied up to secondary (32%) and higher secondary (28%), around 20% were only eighth passed (i.e. minimum education criteria) and (few) seven percentages were graduated. Majorities (84%) of ASHA were satisfied with their work but experience few challenges in field work however 15% ASHA are totally satisfied with their job and found none challenges in field work. Conclusion: Multiple inter related factors affects work performance of ASHAs in field. Financial incentives, self-identity and working for society were motivation for joining this profession. However, delayed and inadequate payment, overburden of work, poor transport and conflict between ICDS and Health staff were common challenges. Key words: ASHA, Challenges, Work Performance, Fieldwork, NRHM.

Aim: The study was designed to examine the relationships between field-based dribbling performance [measured using the Mor-Christian general soccer ability skill test] and selected field-based short sprint test performances in Bangladeshi youth soccer players. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted by 60 male soccer players aged 16 to 19 years. Repeated sprint ability (RSA) and Illinois agility test evaluated for non-linear short sprints. The linear short sprint was evaluated by a 20-metre linear sprint experiment. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation of coefficient and multiple regression equations. Results: The moderate positive relationship was found between the Mor-Christian dribbling performance and the selected change of direction sprinting. The results also showed that the 20m linear sprint with Mor-Christian dribbling performance had a statistically non-significant positive small correlation. Moreover, the four independent variables selected in the regression equation (RSA mean time, RSA best time, Illinois agility test, and 20m sprint test) explain 31.8% of the total dribbling performance variability.Conclusion: Both linear and non-linear sprinting are relevant motor fitness capabilities linked to soccer dribbling performance. Agility-based physical capacities were found to correlate more highly with dribbling. It is suggested that a proper training schedule be established and enforced in order to improve dribbling efficiency. Key words: Dribbling, Sprint, Soccer, Agility, Fitness.

Background: Chronic diseases impacted the different aspects of patients’ life. This study aimed to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with chronic diseases attending primary health care centres in Bahrain. Methods: This Cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2016 and January 2017 in five randomly selected primary health centres. Data was collected using a self-filled structured questionnaire (World Health Organization Quality of life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire) to measure the HRQOL. Scores of HRQOL were calculated and relations between the scores and the sociodemographic data were explored using one-way ANOVA. Results: 337 questionnaires were received back with a response rate of 67.4%. 169 (50.1%) of the participants were females. The mean age (SD) was 52±11 years. Most of the participants were married (255 (78.2%)), retired (115 (34.1%)) and educated (309 (91.7%)). All the participants had at least three chronic diseases. The most prevalent chronic diseases were diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and hypertension. 161(48%) participants reported having good quality of life and were satisfied with their health. The mean HRQOL scores for physical, psychological, social and environmental domains were 63.8±18, 63.9±18, 67±22 and 64±16, respectively. Patients with diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia tend to have the highest mean scores in all the domains. Patients with sickle cell disease and psychiatric diseases had the lowest mean scores in all the domains. Conclusion: Chronic diseases affect the HRQOL of patients. Some diseases had more impacts on the HRQOL than others. Patients with chronic diseases in Bahrain had an overall good quality of life. Key words: HRQOL, Quality of life, Chronic diseases, Non-communicable disease, Bahrain.

most childhood diseases. Advent of combination vaccines in immunization schedule such as Pentavalent Vaccine has given many benefits. Aim: To assess knowledge of mothers/ caregivers and health care workers regarding Pentavalent vaccine and side effects of vaccine. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Raipur Rani Block in Panchkula, Haryana. All four PHCs and one SC from each PHC of this block were selected. A total 80 mothers attending immunization clinics and 10 health workers (8 ANMs and 2 LHVs) from PHCs and SCs were enrolled in the study. Methods and Materials: Predesigned, pre-tested and semi structured questionnaire was used to collect information of mothers/caregivers of children and health workers regarding pentavalent vaccine. Statistical analysis used: Data was entered into excel sheets and analyzed using SPSS version 23 utilizing appropriate statistical methods. Results: In the present study 38.8% of mothers correctly knew about what vaccine was given to the baby on the day of immunization. Also 70% of mothers knew about side effects of the vaccine. 83.3% of health workers were aware of the diseases prevented by pentavalent vaccine. All of them had very good knowledge regarding VVM benefits, its uses and working. Conclusion: Present study indicates that lack of knowledge about the serious AEFI, inability to communicate with the clients and not adhering to open vial policy increases the chances of adverse events that can impact vaccination coverage. Key words: AEFI, Immunization, Pentavalent, Knowledge, Practice, Open Vial Policy. Key Message: Vaccination is a cost-effective intervention to prevent morbidity and mortality of various childhood illnesses. India’s U.I.P. launched by Government of India in 1985, is one of the largest in the world in terms of quantities of vaccine used, number of beneficiaries and number of Immunization session organized.

Context: Information related to COVID-19 has been copiously accessible by almost everyone through various modes since its emergence in December 2019 with possible divergence in beliefs about the sources of infection and the actions to take to reduce morbidities and mortality, giving rise to the COVID-19 infodemic. Aim: (i) to report on the variability in the comprehension of COVID-19 related mortality information (ii) to document how varied the sources of information that a population relies on are (iii) to understand the motivation behind implementation of social distancing norms amongst this population (iv) to suggest methods to reduce the burden of an infodemic within a pandemic by creating herd immunity against misinform ants. Settings and Design: An online survey was conducted amongst urban educated individuals on 19 April 2020. Methods and Materials: The survey was conducted using Google forms and sent via WhatsApp chat messages to 949 individuals belonging to various chat groups, of whom 96 replied voluntarily. Results: Even though most (92.71%) of the participants derived their information from ‘trustworthy’ sources, there was a large amount of variation in their interpretation of that data. Conclusion: We demonstrated that educated urban professionals have been negatively affected by the infodemic around the COVID-19 pandemic and suggest broad guidelines for future information flow to be better handled through programmes such as “information vaccination” and “modified herd immunity” so that an infodemic is controlled and leads to better outcomes from any epidemic. Key words: COVID-19, Infodemic, Pandemic, Coronavirus, Herd immunity. Key Messages: Infodemics have the power to escalate fiercely and to change the course of an outbreak. Hence, the need for prevention protocols in place before their onset.

Background: Personal protective equipment is a tool used by a person in his work that is intended to protect himself from certain sources of danger both from work and the work environment and is useful in reducing or preventing disability. Objectives: This needs serious attention by examining nurses’ compliance in using Personal Protective Equipment when providing nursing services to reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections and work disabilities. Methods: This research was conducted by a descriptive method, sample selection with total sampling. The number of samples studied was 40 respondents. Data were collected from patients using the nurse’s compliance questionnaire in using hands-on personal protective equipment and masks as well as observing nurses’ compliance in using hands-on personal protective equipment and masks as well as the availability of supplies of personal protective equipment in the emergency room. Results: Nurse Compliance research in using personal protective equipment in the emergency room is a maximum of 85% and there are still 15% non-adherents and the supply of equipment for personal protective equipment in the emergency room is still limited, especially for personal protective equipment mask. Conclusion: Influenced by the respondent’s age, last education and length of work and availability of personal protective equipment. It is expected that the parties pay attention to their employees in their compliance with personal protective equipment while working and facilitate the availability of personal protective equipment in each room, especially in emergency rooms that serve a large number of patients in a day. Key words: Compliance, Personal Protective Equipment, Nurse.

Background: In the midst of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the mortality risk being presented by both the media and some public health information providers is often misleading and so increasing the risk of suboptimal policy decisions and lower than desired voluntary compliance rates. Objectives: We make the following contributions. Methods: First and foremost, we explain why the obsessive focus on the post-epidemic retrospective Case Fatality Rate is misplaced and explain why the focus must necessarily be on a time-varying mid-epidemic measure. Second, we introduce a Mid-Epidemic Case Fatality Rate (ME-CFR) framework and explain, using this framework, why the mortality risk as often presented during the COVID 19 pandemic is inappropriate and downward biased. Third, we explain how the ME-CFR is related to the numbers being released for Cases, Deaths and Recovered. Fourth, we propose one such easy to use ME-CFR methodology for estimating the risk of death at a point in time when infected in the midst of an epidemic. Results: Present an illustrative example of such ME-CFR curves along with some commentary for 3 very different countries (India, South Korea, USA) for the current COVID 19 pandemic. Conclusion: We believe that if the professional publications and media switch to this measure of mid-epidemic outcomes, policymakers and the general public will make better decisions, leading to better outcomes for COVID 19 and for future epidemics and pandemics. Key words: Mid-Epidemic CFR, COVID-19, Risk Perception.

Background: Feeding practices both in terms of quality as well as quantity is of great importance in the initial years of life for the optimal growth especially the “critical window period”. Urban slum dwellers are at higher risk of poor child feeding status. The study aims to assess the IYCF indicators related to complementary feeding in an urban slum of East Delhi and to explore its association with the socio-demographic factors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban slum of Sunder Nagari in East Delhi. One hundered and eighty one children between 6-24 months of age were included in the study. The infant and young child feeding (IYCF) status data was collected using pretested and pre-validated questionnaire adapted from the standard WHO-IYCF questionnaire. Socio-demographic characteristics were also recorded. Chi-square tests were applied to explore the association of socio-demographic variables with IYCF status. Results: Early initiation of breastfeeding was practiced in around half of the children. Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD), Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF) and Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) was found to be 17.7%, 69.1% and 16.6%, respectively. These complementary feeding indicators were found to be better (p<0.05) among higher age group children, mothers with higher level of education and middle socio-economic class in comparison to lower socioeconomic section of the study population. Conclusion: Infant and young child feeding practices were found to be poor in the present study. More impetus is needed to promote IYCF practices in urban slums. Key words: IYCF indicators, Complementary feeding, Minimum Dietary Diversity, Minimum Meal Frequency, Minimum Acceptable Diet.

Background: Evidence for using colposcopy in the absence of a squamous intraepithelial lesion on conventional cytology has important position in cervical cancer screening. Aim of this study to evaluate sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of colposcopy and cytology in unhealthy cervix to know role of colposcopy in concurrent use with cytology or replacing to cytology at tertiary centre experience. Methods: Prospective study was carried out over a period of one year, in patients attending Gynaecology OPD, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. After informed consent and ethical clearance from institutional ethics committee, total 664 diagnostic colposcopy were performed in women presenting with gynaecological complaint. These women were called for concurrent colposcopy and pap smear. 41 women were lost to follow up, only 623 women were subjected for concurrent colposcopy and cytology. 99 women who had high grade colposcopy with Swede score ≥5 underwent colposcopic guided biopsy and tissue were sent for histopathological examination and cytology of same patients were compared for analysis. Results: Mean age of women was 42.68±11.69 years and mean age of consummation of marriage 20.94±3.21years. Cervical erosion was most common finding (41.4%) followed by hypertrophy of cervix (33.3%) and cervix bleeds on touch (17.2%). 24.14% (n=7) women with ASCUS cytology had high grade HPE (CIN2+) while 42.3% (n=11) women with LSIL had high grade HPE (CIN2+). Taking ASCUS and above as cut-off, the sensitivity, specificity, of Pap smear was 97.8%, 14.6% and diagnostic accuracy was 55.3%. For overall analysis of Colposcopy Swede Score at ≥5, colposcopy was 100% sensitive and 41.2% specific and diagnostic accuracy was 69.7%. At swede score ≥7, colposcopy was 64.6% sensitive and 100% specific and diagnostic accuracy was 82.8%. Conclusion: Colposcopy has good sensitivity and specificity as compared to cytology and can be used in evaluation of abnormal or controversial cytology to obtain better outcome. Key words: Colposcopy, Swede Score, Cervical Cancer, Cytology, Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

Aim: This paper aims at investigating the sub-health status (SHS) of different social roles during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and analyzing its influencing factors. Design: A cross-sectional, convenience sampling including 1062 Chinese was conducted in March 2020. Statistical analysis was then performed for the data using SPSS 22.0. Results: The total SHS score for people with different social roles during the COVID-19 pandemic was 72.808±12.034; with the physical, psychological and social adaptive score were 80.252±12.336, 68.753±13.281 and 66.632±18.604 respectively. Univariate analysis showed that SHS scores for social adaptability were different in different places of residence, as well as physical, psychological and total SHS scores for different social roles (P< 0.05). The multivariate analysis showed that the social roles were a factor influencing the physical SHS score (P < 0.05), while gender was the factor influencing the psychological SHS score (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Human resource management needs improvement; meanwhile health consultation, enough time to rest and health care service are essential for medical staff, Centers for Disease Control (CDC) personnel, as well as couriers. Support to maintain work-family balance is seriously expected for female employees. Overall, the top priority in controlling COVID-19 is to protect their health both mentally and physically. Key words: The coronavirus disease, Different social roles, Sub-health status, Influencing factors.

Human coronavirus infections can induce severe pulmonary pathologies but also typical symptoms of infectious diseases, including inflammation, high fever, cough and organ failures that might be fatal. Some of the immune cells (mast cells), which are located in the submucosa of the pulmonary tract, attack primarily to Coronavirus.1-4 First, the virus activates mast cells and then certain chemical compounds are generated against the pathogen. Here, we develop a new idea that inflammation in patients with COVID-19 may be mitigated by both leukotriene modifiers and mast cell stabilizers. COVID-19 is frequent and the most of people’s nasal secretions contain specific antibodies to decrease the infectivity of the Coronavirus.